Cellular Network Infrastructure » Radio Access Network » OsmoTRX

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h1. [[OsmoTRX]]

[[OsmoTRX]] is a software-defined radio transceiver that implements the Layer 1 physical layer of a BTS comprising the following 3GPP specifications:

* TS 05.01 "Physical layer on the radio path"

* TS 05.02 "Multiplexing and Multiple Access on the Radio Path"

* TS 05.04 "Modulation"

* TS 05.10 "Radio subsystem synchronization"

[[OsmoTRX]] is based on the transceiver code from the [[OpenBTS]] project, but setup to operate independently with the purpose of using with non-OpenBTS software and projects, while still maintaining backwards compatibility with [[OpenBTS]]. Currently there are numerous features contained in [[OsmoTRX]] that extend the functionality of the [[OpenBTS]] transceiver. These features include enhanced support for various embedded platforms - notably ARM - and dual channel diversity support for the Fairwaves [[UmTRX]].

h2. Features

*Intel SSE Support*

* SSE3

* SSE4.1

On Intel processors, [[OsmoTRX]] makes heavy use of the Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) instruction set. Accelerated operations include pulse shape filtering, resampling, sequence correlation, and many other signal processing operations. SSE3 is the minimum requirement for accelerated use.

SSE3 is present in the majority of Intel processors since later versions of the Pentium 4 architecture and is also present on low power Atom processors. Support is automatically detected at build time. For additional performance information, please see the performance and benchmarks section.

*ARM Support*

* NEON

* NEON-VFPv4

[[OsmoTRX]] runs on a variety of ARM processors with and without NEON coprocessors. Like SSE on Intel processors, NEON provides acceleration with SIMD vectorized instructions.

Tested popular architectures include ARM11 (Raspberry Pi), Cortex-A8 (!BeagleBoard), and Cortex-A15 (!ArndaleBoard). Loosely speaking, these platforms are representative of low cost embedded devices, mid-level handsets, and high-end smartphones respectively. Similarly, in order, these platforms include no NEON coprocessor, standard NEON, and NEON-VFPv4. The latter NEON variation, VFPv4, provides additional fused-multiply-accumulate (FMA) instructions useful for many DSP operations.

NEON support must be enabled by the user at build time. For additional information, please see the configuration and performance and benchmarks sections.

*Dual Channel (UmTRX and B210)*

Two dual channel modes are available: standard dual channel mode and diversity. In standard dual channel mode, each RF

path of the dual channel device supports a different ARFCN. Each path operates independently a

nd operates similarly to two separate devices. GSM channel capacity in this mode is doubled. This option can be configured at run time from the command line.

*Dual Channel Diversity (UmTRX, experimental)*

Diversity mode is similar to the standard dual channel mode except each antenna supports both ARFCN channels. In this case, the receiver sample bandwidth is widened to handle both ARFCN's and subsequently converted and demultiplexed into separate sample streams. Each GSM receive path is fed dual signals, where antenna selection diversity is performed by taking the stronger signal on a burst-by-burst basis. This diversity setup improves uplink reception performance in multipath fading environments.

Limitations are increased CPU utilization and that ARFCN spacing is restricted (currently at 400 kHz) by the receiver sampling bandwidth. Setting the ARFCN spacing beyond the sampling limit will disable the diversity path and operate in standard dual channel mode. This options can be configured at run time from the command line.

*Uplink Burst Detection*

[[OsmoTRX]] utilizes an updated receive burst detection algorithm that provides greater sensitivity and reliability than the original [[OpenBTS]] approach, which relied on energy detection for the initial stage of burst acquisition.

The limitation of the previous approach was that it was slow to adapt to highly transient power levels and false burst detection in challenging situations such as receiver saturation, which may occur in close range lab testing. The other issue was that a high degree of level tuning was often necessary to operate reliably.

The current receiver code addressed those limitations for improved performance in a wider variety of environments.

*Low Phase Error Modulator*

The default GSM downlink signal is configured for low distortion using a linearized GMSK modulator. The implementation is based on a two pulse Laurent approximation of continuous phase modulated (CPM) signals. The baseband output signal measures with very low phase error and is capable of passing industry spectrum mask requirements. Please note that actual performance will depend strongly on the particular device in use.

Theoretical details can be found in the report on "GMSK":http://tsou.cc/gsm/report_gmsk.pdf. Octave / Matlab code for "pulse generation":http://tsou.cc/gsm/laurent.m is also available.

This option can be enabled or disabled at run time from the command line.

Very Low Phase Error (Ettus Research N200)

!http://tsou.cc/gsm/osmo-trx-phase75.gif!

Spectrum Mask (Ettus Research N200)

!http://tsou.cc/gsm/osmo-trx-spectrum75.gif!

h2. RF Hardware support

Multiple RF devices are currently supported. These include USRP family products from Ettus Research, and the [[UmTRX]] from Fairwaves.

||*Fairwaves*||*Notes*||

||UmTRX||Dual channel||

All Ettus Research devices are supported.

||*Ettus Research*||*Notes*||

||USRP1||Requires legacy libusrp driver and clocking modification||

||USRP2||10 MHz external reference required||

||B100||

||B110||

||B200||GPSDO or 10 MHz external reference recommended||

||B210||Dual channel, 10 MHz external reference recommended||

||N200||

||N210||

||E100||

||E110||

h2. Embedded Platform Support

[[OsmoTRX]] has been tested on the multiple embedded platforms representing a wide range of device types. Low cost ARM devices are generally limited by memory and I/O as much CPU utilization.

Running a full or near full ARFCN configuration (7 simultaneous TCH channels with Combination V) may require running the GSM stack remotely, which can be configured at runtime on the command line. This limitation appears to be scheduling related more so than lack of CPU resources, and may be resolved at a later time.

|_.Platform|_.SoC*|_.Processor|_.SIMD/FPU|_.Testing Notes|

|ArndaleBoard|Samsung Exynos 5250|ARM Cortex-A15|NEON-VFPv4|7 TCH|

|BeagleBoard-xM|Texas Instruments OMAP3|ARM Cortex-A8|NEON|7 TCH, remote [[osmobts:]] stack|

|Ettus E100|Texas Instruments OMAP3|ARM Cortex-A8|NEON|7 TCH, remote [[osmobts:]] stack|

|Raspberry Pi|Broadcom BCM2835|ARM11|VFP|2 TCH, remote [[osmobts:]] stack|

|Shuttle PC|NA|Intel Atom D2550|SSE3|Dual channel, 15 TCH|

All embedded plaforms were tested with low-phase error modulator disabled. Use of the more accurate modulator on embedded platforms has not been extensively tested.

h2. Mailing List

For development purposes, [[OsmoTRX]] is discussed on both [[OpenBTS]] and [[OpenBSC]] mailing lists at openbts-discuss@lists.sourceforge.net and openbsc@lists.osmocom.org respectively.

Please direct questions and bug reports to the list appropriate for the GSM stack being used.

Subscription information is available at "and [http://lists.osmocom.org/mailman/listinfo/openbsc/":https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/openbts-discuss].

h2. GPRS support

[[OsmoTRX]] supports GPRS through [[OsmoBTS]].

For GPRS support with [[OpenBTS]], please use the transceiver supplied with [[OpenBTS]].

h2. Source code

The source code is available from git.osmocom.org (module osmo-trx).

Public read-only access is available via

<pre>

$ git clone git://git.osmocom.org/osmo-trx

</pre>

You can browse it via cgit: http://cgit.osmocom.org/cgit/osmo-trx/

h2. Configuration and Build

The only package dependency is the Universal Hardware Driver (UHD), which is available from Ettus Research or Fairwaves depending on the device. Please note that the UHD implementation must match hardware (i.e. Ettus Research UHD for USRP devices and Fairwaves UHD with [[UmTRX]]). The one device that does not use the UHD driver is the USRP1, which is supported through the legacy libusrp driver provided in GNU Radio 3.4.2.

First, run autoreconf to remake the build system files.

<pre>

$ autoreconf -i

...

</pre>

*Intel Platforms (All)*

Intel SSE support is automatically detected on Intel x86 platforms. No user intervention is necessary. The general configuration defaults to the low phase error modulator. Atom users may wish to use the low-CPU utilization modulator, which can be later enabled from the command line at runtime.

<pre>

$ ./configure

...

checking whether mmx is supported... yes

checking whether sse is supported... yes

checking whether sse2 is supported... yes

checking whether sse3 is supported... yes

checking whether ssse3 is supported... yes

checking whether sse4.1 is supported... yes

checking whether sse4.2 is supported... yes

...

</pre>

*ARM Platforms with NEON*

Many popular ARM development boards fall under this category including BeagleBoard, PandaBoard, and Ettus E100 USRP. This option will disable the low phase error modulator, which can be re-enabled at runtime. NEON support must be manually enabled.

<pre>

$ ./configure --with-neon

</pre>

*ARM Platforms with NEON-VFPv4*

Currently very few development platforms support this instruction set, which is seen mainly in high end smartphones and tablets. Available development boards are ArndaleBoard and ODROID-XU. This option will disable the low phase error modulator, which can be re-enabled at runtime. NEON-VFPv4 support must be manually enabled.

<pre>

$ ./configure --with-neon-vfpv4

</pre>

*ARM Platforms without NEON*

This configuration mainly targets the Raspberry Pi. ARM platforms without NEON vector units are almost always very slow processors, and generally not very suitable for running [[OsmoTRX]]. Running [[OsmoTRX]] on a Raspberry Pi, however, is possible along with limited TCH (voice) channel support. Currently this configuration requires minor code changes.

Coming soon...

*Build and Install*

After configuration, installation is simple.

<pre>

$ make

$ sudo make install

</pre>

h2. Running

[[OsmoTRX]] can be configured with a variety of options on the command line. In most cases, the default settings will suffice. Notable options include UHD device argument passing, which is often useful for using network based devices with firewalls, and external 10 MHz reference support.

<pre>

$ osmo-trx -h

linux; GNU C++ version 4.8.1 20130603 (Red Hat 4.8.1-1); Boost_105300; UHD_003.005.004-140-gfb32ed16

Options:

  -h    This text

  -a    UHD device args

  -l    Logging level (EMERG, ALERT, CRT, ERR, WARNING, NOTICE, INFO, DEBUG)

  -i    IP address of GSM core

  -p    Base port number

  -d    Enable dual channel diversity receiver

  -x    Enable external 10 MHz reference

  -s    Samples-per-symbol (1 or 4)

  -c    Number of ARFCN channels (default=1)

  -f    Enable C0 filler table

  -o    Set baseband frequency offset (default=auto)

</pre>

<pre>

$ osmo-trx -a "addr=192.168.10.2"

linux; GNU C++ version 4.8.1 20130603 (Red Hat 4.8.1-1); Boost_105300; UHD_003.004.000-b14cde5

Config Settings

   Log Level............... INFO

   Device args............. addr=192.168.10.2

   TRX Base Port........... 5700

   TRX Address............. 127.0.0.1

   Channels................ 1

   Samples-per-Symbol...... 4

   External Reference...... Disabled

   Diversity............... Disabled

-- Opening a [[UmTRX]] device...

-- Current recv frame size: 1472 bytes

-- Current send frame size: 1472 bytes

-- Setting [[UmTRX]] 4 SPS

-- Transceiver active with 1 channel(s)

</pre>

h2. [[OsmoTRX]] with [[OpenBTS]]

[[OsmoTRX]] is fully compatible with [[OpenBTS]] for voice and SMS services. Due to differences in handing of GPRS, [[OsmoTRX]] does not support GPRS when used with [[OpenBTS]], however, GPRS with the Osmocom stack is supported.

For use with [[OpenBTS]], enable the filler table option "Enable C0 filler table", which enables [[OpenBTS]] style idle bursts and retransmissions.

<pre>

$ osmo-trx -f

</pre>

The [[OsmoTRX]] transceiver should be started before running [[OpenBTS]]. No symbolic link to './transceiver' should exist in the [[OpenBTS]] directory. This prevents [[OpenBTS]] from starting its own transceiver instance.

h2. Benchmarks

A variety of performance benchmarks are available for various code optimizations. These include floating point - integer conversions, convolution, and convolutional decoding. Note that convolutional decoding does not take place in [[OsmoTRX]], but one stop higher in the Layer 1 stack - either in [[OsmoBTS]] or [[OpenBTS]] core.

*Repository*

Currently the trx-bench repository holds the test files and contains the same NEON and SSE code as [[OsmoTRX]]. The test code may be merged into [[OsmoTRX]] at a later time, but, for now, it exists as a separate repository. NEON configure options are the same as [[OsmoTRX]].

<pre>

$ git clone https://github.com/ttsou/trx-bench.git

$ cd trx-bench

$ autoreconf -i

$ ./configure [--with-neon] [--with-neon-vfp4]

$ make

$ src/conv_test

$ src/convert_test

$ src/convolve_test

</pre>

The convolutional decoding test includes command options including experimental support for benchmarking with multiple threads.

<pre>

$ ./conv_test -h

Options:

  -h    This text

  -i    Number of iterations

  -j    Number of threads for benchmark (1 to 32)

  -b    Run benchmark tests

  -a    Run validity checks

  -e    Run bit-error-rate tests

</pre>

Selected benchmark results are provided below. All tests are run on a single core only.

*Intel Haswell (i7 4770K 3.5 GHz)*

<pre>

--- Floating point to integer conversions

-- Testing 40000 iterations of 3120 values

- Measuring conversion time

- Elapsed time base...                  0.065508 secs

- Validating SIMD conversion results... PASS

- Measuring conversion time

- Elapsed time SIMD ...                 0.011424 secs

- Speedup...                            5.734244

</pre>

<pre>

[+] Testing: GSM TCH/AFS 7.95 (recursive, flushed, punctured)

[.] Input length  : ret = 165  exp = 165 -> OK

[.] Output length : ret = 448  exp = 448 -> OK

[.] Pre computed vector checks:

[..] Encoding: OK

[..] Decoding base: 

[..] Decoding SIMD: 

[..] Code N 3

[..] Code K 7

OK

[.] Random vector checks:

[.] Testing baseline:

[..] Encoding / Decoding 10000 cycles:

[.] Elapsed time........................ 1.435066 secs

[.] Rate................................ 3.121808 Mbps

[.] Testing SIMD:

[..] Encoding / Decoding 10000 cycles:

[.] Elapsed time........................ 0.073524 secs

[.] Rate................................ 60.932485 Mbps

[.] Speedup............................. 19.518334

</pre>

*Intel Atom (D2500 1.86 GHz)*

<pre>

--- Floating point to integer conversions

-- Testing 40000 iterations of 3120 values

- Measuring conversion time

- Elapsed time base...                 1.147449 secs

- Validating SSE conversion results... PASS

- Measuring conversion time

- Elapsed time SSE ...                 0.347838 secs

- Quotient...                          3.298803

</pre>

<pre>

[+] Testing: GSM TCH/AFS 7.95 (recursive, flushed, punctured)

[.] Input length  : ret = 165  exp = 165 -> OK

[.] Output length : ret = 448  exp = 448 -> OK

[.] Pre computed vector checks:

[..] Encoding: OK

[..] Decoding base: 

[..] Decoding SIMD: 

[..] Code N 3

[..] Code K 7

OK

[.] Random vector checks:

[.] Testing baseline:

[..] Encoding / Decoding 10000 cycles:

[.] Elapsed time........................ 11.822688 secs

[.] Rate................................ 0.378932 Mbps

[.] Testing SIMD:

[..] Encoding / Decoding 10000 cycles:

[.] Elapsed time........................ 0.550423 secs

[.] Rate................................ 8.139195 Mbps

[.] Speedup............................. 21.479277

</pre>

*!ArndaleBoard (ARM Cortex-A15 1.7 GHz)*

Please note that the Viterbi implementations on ARM is largely C based with speedup generated primarily through algorithm changes. In comparison, vector optimization on Intel platforms with SSE is currently much more aggressive, which explains the disparity on decoding performance.

<pre>

--- Floating point to integer conversions

-- Testing 40000 iterations of 3120 values

- Measuring conversion time

- Elapsed time base...                 0.384097 secs

- Validating SSE conversion results... PASS

- Measuring conversion time

- Elapsed time SSE ...                 0.100877 secs

- Quotient...                          3.807578

</pre>

<pre>

[+] Testing: GSM TCH/AFS 7.95 (recursive, flushed, punctured)

[.] Input length  : ret = 165  exp = 165 -> OK

[.] Output length : ret = 448  exp = 448 -> OK

[.] Pre computed vector checks:

[..] Encoding: OK

[..] Decoding base: 

[..] Decoding SIMD: 

[..] Code N 3

[..] Code K 7

OK

[.] Random vector checks:

[.] Testing baseline:

[..] Encoding / Decoding 10000 cycles:

[.] Elapsed time........................ 5.371288 secs

[.] Rate................................ 0.834064 Mbps

[.] Testing SIMD:

[..] Encoding / Decoding 10000 cycles:

[.] Elapsed time........................ 1.016621 secs

[.] Rate................................ 4.406755 Mbps

[.] Speedup............................. 5.283471

</pre>

*!BeagleBoard-xM (ARM Cortex-A8 800 MHz)*

<pre>

--- Floating point to integer conversions

-- Testing 40000 iterations of 3120 values

- Measuring conversion time

- Elapsed time base...                  6.292542 secs

- Validating SIMD conversion results... PASS

- Measuring conversion time

- Elapsed time SIMD ...                 0.839081 secs

- Quotient...                           7.499326

</pre>

<pre>

[+] Testing: GSM TCH/AFS 7.95 (recursive, flushed, punctured)

[.] Input length  : ret = 165  exp = 165 -> OK

[.] Output length : ret = 448  exp = 448 -> OK

[.] Pre computed vector checks:

[..] Encoding: OK

[..] Decoding base: 

[..] Decoding SIMD: 

[..] Code N 3

[..] Code K 7

OK

[.] Random vector checks:

[.] Testing baseline:

[..] Encoding / Decoding 10000 cycles:

[.] Elapsed time........................ 21.963257 secs

[.] Rate................................ 0.203977 Mbps

[.] Testing SIMD:

[..] Encoding / Decoding 10000 cycles:

[.] Elapsed time........................ 3.083282 secs

[.] Rate................................ 1.452997 Mbps

[.] Speedup............................. 7.123337

</pre>

*Full Results*

"[http://tsou.cc/gsm/shuttle.txt":http://tsou.cc/gsm/haswell.txt]

"[http://tsou.cc/gsm/beagle.txt":http://tsou.cc/gsm/arndale.txt]

h2. Authors

[[OsmoTRX]] is currently developed and maintained by Thomas Tsou with generous support from Fairwaves, the Open Technology Institute, and Ettus Research. The code is derived from the [[OpenBTS]] project, which was originally developed by David Burgess and Harvind Samra at Range Networks.